The Fair Labor Standards Act sets the baseline for wages and hours in the U.S. It guarantees minimum wage and overtime pay for most workers, while also setting rules about recordkeeping and youth labor. Even if you’re salaried, you may still qualify for overtime depending on your duties.

The National Labor Relations Act gives most private-sector employees the right to act together to improve wages and working conditions. This includes forming or joining a union, or simply speaking up collectively with coworkers. Employers cannot retaliate against you for protected concerted activity.

The Occupational Safety and Health Act guarantees your right to a workplace free from serious hazards. It requires employers to provide training, protective equipment, and clear safety information. You also have the right to request an inspection and to speak up about unsafe conditions without fear of retaliation.

Federal law protects workers from discrimination based on race, color, sex (including sexual orientation, gender identity, and pregnancy), religion, national origin, disability, and age. It also prohibits harassment and retaliation for reporting unfair treatment. Employers must provide reasonable accommodations and treat all employees fairly in pay and opportunity.

The Family and Medical Leave Act provides eligible employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave for family or medical reasons, and up to 26 weeks to care for a servicemember. It ensures that your health insurance continues during leave and that you return to the same or a similar job.

Federal whistleblower laws protect workers from retaliation when they report unsafe practices, fraud, or violations of law. If you’re punished for speaking up — whether by firing, demotion, or harassment — you can file a complaint with OSHA. Deadlines are short, so documenting and acting quickly is key.